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BMC BMC 2023-12-22 - 03:38 UTC
tutor-original created by BMC 2023-12-21 - 19:38 PST
BMC BMC 2023-12-22 - 03:39 UTC
INTRODUCTION
BMC BMC 2023-12-22 - 03:39 UTC
This file is a sort of "programmed text" for new users of MiniAug. By following the instructions contained in it, you should be able to learn by yourself how to use many of the capabilities Miniaug offers. Don't worry if you make a mistake -- you can't hurt trying it out. If you do make a mistake trying a command, press the CONTROL or DELETE key (for "command delete") and start over.
BMC BMC 2023-12-22 - 03:39 UTC
To see the next screenful, you can scroll down of course, or more fun type the letter "j" (for "Jump"), place the cursor anywhere in the word "JUMPING" below (pointing to the place you want to jump to), and select with a single mouse-click or trackpad equivalent (or by pressing the RETURN or ENTER key on your keyboard). Then confirm your selection with a final OK.
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JUMPING
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Congratulations! You have successfully issued your first MiniAug command in HyperScope! It is the Jump command (which is what the "j" stood for), for skipping around in a file.
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When you issue a Jump command as you just did, the statement that you point to will be jumped to the top of your window. (The concept of a "statement" will be described later.)
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Let us jump again, but this time as you type the letter "j", watch the line above beginning with "BASE" . Notice that the word "Jump" is completely spelled out there as soon as you type the "j". The area of the window you are looking at is called the "command window" which lets you see the commands as you enter them.
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Also note that the word "(to)" appears. This is called a" noise word" which helps to make the command more like an English sentence. after the "(to)", the characters "M/C:" appear. This is called a "prompt", and lets you know what the ma system is expecting next. We call the action of pointing with athe cursor and clicking OK selecting something on your screen "marking", and that is what the M" stands for. go ahead and "mark" anywhere in "JUMPING BACK" in the heading below (by putting the cursor un anywhere in it and clicking OK) and then give the final OK to see a new screenfull screenful.
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JUMPING BACK TO THE BEGINNING
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Jumping forward is easy, but how do you jump back the very top of the file is called the "origin" (this is where you were when you started). the command to go back to the origin is just another Jump command (as are all the commands to scoot around in a file), so you again begin by type typing a "j".
BMC BMC 2023-12-22 - 03:39 UTC
Now you must do something a little different. The prompt "M/C:" says that you may either mark (which you do not want to do) or give a command word (which is what the "C" stands for). Type the letter "o" (for "origin") and note that "Origin" is spelled out in full in the ocmmand window. Type two OKs to complete the command, and then come back to here by using the simple Jump commands you used previously.
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From now on, you will not be specifically told to jump to the next screenful; whenever you run out of things to read, just jump to the next screenful by using the simple "Jump (to) MARK" command. In theory, you can now view all of any file simply by repeately jumping to a statement that you mark. This is slow, however, and you will soon learn better ways of getting around in a file. You may have noticed a "V:" prompt before the final OK. We will learn about this later.
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(One last reminder -- jump to "FIRST EDIT" below.)
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FIRST EDIT
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Let us now learn to make a few elementary editing changes to this file. Notice that this wword has an extra "w" in it.
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Let us fix it up. You want to delete the extra character, and to do so, you will begin by typing "d" followed by "c", standing for "Delete Character". As you type these two characters, be sure to watch the command window to make sure you have not made a mistake. Remember if you do make a mistake in any command, you can press the DELETE key (for "command delete"). This will clear the entire command, and you can start over. The backspace key will "back up" the last command character you typed. Sometimes that is simpleter than clearing the whole command.
BMC BMC 2023-12-22 - 03:39 UTC
Now back to the command. Notice that the noise word is "(at)"; you are now supposed to select the particular character to be deleted. "Mark" the character by putting the cursor under either "w" in "ww" "wword" and giving the OK.
BMC BMC 2023-12-22 - 03:39 UTC
Notice that the character you marked is highlighted. The character has not been deleted yet; the highlighting simply shows it has been marked. If it is the wrong character, you can backspace and mark again. If it is correct, give a final OK to complete the action.
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MORE ON DELETE
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Tthere are a nnumber of typingg errors in this paragraph which can be fixed with the Delete Character command (by typing "d", "c", MARK, and OK). Do so now. Remember that you can backspace if you mistype or mark the wrong character. You may want to make some intennnntional errors to test this feature.
BMC BMC 2023-12-22 - 03:39 UTC
Now for a shortcut xxxxMOUSEBUTTONSxxx. Try getting rid of the extra characters in the following sentence doing all your OKs, backspaces, and command deletes on the mouse. Again you may want to make intentional errors to try out these features.
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Heeree is a aaa sentence with a number of repppeated characters..
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Note that the extra space and period are deleted the same way as letters of the alphabet.
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DELETING OTHER OBJECTS
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There are a number of things besides single characters which can be deleted. The simplest is a word. The command to delete a word is given by typing "d" followed by "w", and is completed the same as the command to delete a character by marking the world and then giving the final OK. You do not have to mark as accurately, however. You can mark ANY character in the word, and the whole word will be deleted. (If you try to mark the space between two words, both the words surrounding the space are deleted. More on this later).
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Try using the Delete command to get rid of the extra words and characters in the next sentence. Watch the command window as you type.
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Now now is the timme for all all good people to come to the aide of their country country country.
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Good! Did you notice that the spacing was adjusted, and the extra space was taken out Did you remember the trick to delete two words at a time when you were getting rid of the two extra occurrences of "country"!
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In the next screenful, we will learn about how to insert new information into a file.
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INSERTING NEW INFORMATION
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The same two objects, characters and words, can be inserted into text as well as deleted. The commands will be similar, except that they will begin with "ic" and "iw" for "Insert Character" and "Insert Word", respectively.
BMC BMC 2023-12-22 - 03:39 UTC
After you have typed "ic", the noise words "(to follow character at)" will appear on your screen, and you must mark the character after which you want the new character to appear. (In the case of Insert word, you merely need to mark somewhere in the word you want the new word to follow.) After you have indicated the position of the new character or word, you must tell the system exactly what the new character or word is to be. Do this by typing it. (The "M/T:" prompt tells you this -- "T" stands for "type".) In the case of a new word, you do not need to worry about spaces around the word; the system will take care of the spacing for you. To indicate that you are finished typing the new information, give the OK (using either the keyboard or the mouse), and the new text will be inserted into the file. Now, as an exercise, try to make the second sentence below appear exactly the same as the first one. You will need to use both Delete and Insert commands.
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This is a model of the correct final form for this sentence.
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TThis is a moel of the fina form forthis sennce.
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A LITTLE ON COMMAND RECOGNITION
BMC BMC 2023-12-22 - 03:39 UTC
By now you have probably noticed a few patterns in the MiniAug commands. First, the commands introduced so far are indicated by typing the first character of the English word. The Delete command is given by typing "d", and "Character" is indicated by typing "c". There will be some exceptions to this rule later, but for a while, it will always work.
BMC BMC 2023-12-22 - 03:39 UTC
Notice also that the verb, or actoin word, comes first. Jump, delete, and insert all thell the system what to do. the second word of a command, if there is one, is usually a noun; it names the object that the verb is to act upon. after 'd" for "delete", the next command word -- character or word -- tells the system exactly what is to be deleted. almost all of the MiniAug commands will work htat way. Later, when you get more experienced, you will find that you can often guess what the next command word will be, and instead of looking it up in a manual, you will just try it. No damage can result; if something unusual appears in the command window, you can always backspace or command delete. nothing will be changed by a command until you give the final OK.
BMC BMC 2023-12-22 - 03:39 UTC
Now, before you go to the next screenful, try to guess what the commands might be to move a ro word or replace a character.
BMC BMC 2023-12-22 - 03:39 UTC
MORE EDITING COMMANDS
BMC BMC 2023-12-22 - 03:39 UTC
The answers are Move Word (typed "mw"), and Replace Character (typed "rc"). Move Character and Replace Word are also valid commands. The "Move" verb is used to take an object from one place and put it in another; the "Replace" verb gets rid of one object and replaces it with another. Try to do the following exercise with no more clues than that, and if you have trouble, look at the answers on the next screenful.
BMC BMC 2023-12-22 - 03:39 UTC
Pay attention to the noise words in the command window in the command window, because they sometimes give a good clue as to what is expected next. As before, try to make the second paragraph look identical to the first one. also READ the sentence as you correct it.
BMC BMC 2023-12-22 - 03:39 UTC
Correct Sentence: On the next page, we will learn about another kind of noun -- Text. Text is any number of characters in a row, and must be identified by the first and last characters. It is useful for specifying larger pieces of text.
BMC BMC 2023-12-22 - 03:39 UTC
Sentence to correct: On net the page, we llearn about another kind of noun -- Text. Text,+ is any of characters in a row number, and must be identified by the first VIOLET and char*acters. It is useful for specifying larger pieces of text.
BMC BMC 2023-12-22 - 03:39 UTC
ANSWERS AND THE TEXT NOUN
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You give the Move command (by typing "mc" or "mw") then marking the character or word to be moved, and marking the character or word it is to follow. The final OK completes the command. The Replace command is like a combination of Delete and Insert; the item pointed to disappears and is replaced by the new item, which you type in.
BMC BMC 2023-12-22 - 03:39 UTC
You should have read the sentence you were editing, because it was a quick introduction to the concept of Text. As it said, Text is another noun, and can be deleted, inserted, moved, or replaced with commands you begin by type typing "dt", "it", "mt", and "rt", respectively.
BMC BMC 2023-12-22 - 03:39 UTC
The difference between Text and Character or Word is that two marks are required to identify it -- one at the beginning and one at the end. Text can be any string of characters. It may, if you wish, begin or end in the middle of a word. Otherwise, the commands are the same; just mark twice where you would have marked once in the case of Character or Word. Another important point is that Text must be contained within a single statement, which has not been defined yet. Soon you will learn to tell where a statement begins and ends.
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Now do the exercise on the next screenful, using the "Text" noun.
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EDITING EXERCISE
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As before, make the second paragraph look exactly like the first. (It will be easier to correct the paragraph if you first change INCORRECT to CORRECT -- everything will line up, and it will be easy to see if it is correct. ) Try to use the "Text" noun whenever doing something with a long string of characters.
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CORRECT: In a certain village in La Mancha, which I do not wish to name, there lived not long ago a gentleman--one of those who have always a lance in a rack, an ancient shield, a lean hack and a greyhound for coursing. his habitual diet consisted of a stew, more beef than mutton, of hash most nights, boilded bones on Saturdays, lentils on Fridays, and a young pigeon as a Sunday treat; and on this he spent three-quarters of his income.
BMC BMC 2023-12-22 - 03:39 UTC
INCORRECT: In a certain vilage in La a little extra textMancha, which I do not wish to name, lived not long , long/ ago a ge of those who have always a eight ball in a rack, an ancient shield, a lean hack and a greyhound for coursing. His habl diet consisted of a stew, more beef than mutton, of hash most blights, boildeeed bones bones bones on Saturdays, lentils on Fridays, and a young stool pigeon as a Snday treat; and on this he spent three-quarters of his income.
BMC BMC 2023-12-22 - 03:39 UTC
Now that you have completed the exercise, you will learn what the definition of a statement is.
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STATEMENTS
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"Statement" is just another kind of nown, which can be inserted, deleted, moved, and so on. Probably the best way to think of a statement is as a paragraph. all of the paragraphs you have read so far were individual statements, and the headings (as at the top of the screen) are also short statements. It is sometimes hard to tell where one paragraph ends and the next one begins. In MiniAug, there is a way to change your view of a file (but not alter the file at all). what you do is change the "viewspecs".
BMC BMC 2023-12-22 - 03:39 UTC
Another complication is introduced in this section: The command to change the viewspecs will be Set Viewspecs, but you will find that if you type "s", the command window will show "Sort", which is not what you want to do. Since there is more than one command that begins with "s", and since it iwll turn out that Sort will be far more useful than Set, MiniAug handles the problem by having you type a leading space, followed by as many characters as necessary of the command word. (In what follows, stands for a space, which you get when you press the space bar.)
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To give the command word "Set", you will need to type "se". You need the "e" because there are even more possibilities for S commands, like Start (for which you would type "sta").
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CHANGING VIEWSPECS
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OK. Let's change the viewspecs. give the command verb "Set" by type and "se", and the noun "Viewspecs" by typing "v". After you type these four characters, MiniAug will respond with a "V:" prompt, asking for viewspecs. Type the letter "y", followed by . do this now.
BMC BMC 2023-12-22 - 03:39 UTC
Isn't that nice? It is now easy to see where one statement ends and the next one begins. MiniAug has put in a blank line between them. There are good reasons for giving you the choice of hwat to see, however: Without blank lines, you can get more text on the screen, and with blank lines, you can easily see where a statement begins and ends.
BMC BMC 2023-12-22 - 03:39 UTC
Let us now turn off the blank lines, again using a Set viewspecs command. This time the viewspec you will set will be "z". If you do this now, you will find that the blank lines will disappear.
BMC BMC 2023-12-22 - 03:39 UTC
More fits on the screen if the blank lines are off. Also notice that when you change viewspecs, the same statement remains at the top of the screen.
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As we said before, it is easy to see what a statement is. the Delete, Insert, Move,, and Replace commands work as before. As with Word, you can be a little sloppy -- a single mark anywhere within a statement identifies a whole statement. (Talk about the broad side of a barn!)
BMC BMC 2023-12-22 - 03:39 UTC
REVIEW EXERCISE
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Using the Set viewspecs command (remembering the leading before "se"), set the viewspecs to "y" to turn on blank lines. Then follow the directions in the statements below to practice working with whole statements.
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Delete this statement entirely.
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Make a copy of this immediately following this (using Insert).
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Move this statement so that it follows "REVIEW EXERCISE" above.
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Replace this statement with a much shorter statement "This is a shorter statement". Don't do it by deleting the text!
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Read this, then delete this. You have now learned most of the basic editing commands. Experiment with them. If you like, you can go back through this file, and modify (or mangle) it any way you want. Have fun! Try inserting your own paragraph, editing it, and deleteing it -- just take the time to look at one more screenful first.
BMC BMC 2023-12-22 - 03:39 UTC
TO USE THIS FILE AGAIN
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Actually, none of the edits you have made so far are permanent. If you wish to go back to the way the file was before you started, you can delete all your modifications with the single command: Delete Modifications (typed "dm"). Since this is usually a drastic step, you will be required to give two OKs to confirm it. Remember this command. Write it down on a piece of paper, and then go have fun with the file. When you are done, you can Delete Modifications, and you will have your original TUTOR file back. Later you will learn to make your modifications a permanent part of the file, along with a number of other things. You've done quite a bit already. Remember, to get back to the beginning of this file, the command is Jump Origina, followed by two OKs. Have fun, and when you are done, you can continue in the file named TUTOR2. You can get there now by using another kind of Jump command, which will be discussed later. For now just type "jl" (you should see "Jump (to) Link" in the command indow), and then type "tutur2," (be sure to include the final comma), and then type OK.
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HOW TO ENTER AND LEAVE MINIAUG
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Instead of typing "tutor", type "miniaug" at the Executive Terminal "@" sign. this will put you in the Miniaug editor,, viewing a file called your "initial file", hwere all your sessions with the editor will begin. To get to TUTOR2, simply type "jltutur2," (remembering the final comma), and you will be there. Write this down, so you iwll remember it tomorrow.
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If you want to log out, type "lj" and (it stands for "Logout Job"). If you want to go back to the Executive Terminal to run another program, type "q".
BMC BMC 2023-12-22 - 03:39 UTC