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BMC BMC 2023-11-30 - 16:35 UTC
TUTOR created by CE 2023-11-30 - 08:35 PST last edit <31>
CE CE 2023-12-31 - 18:21 UTC
*** NOTE THIS REALLY NEEDS AN UNDO OR Delete Modifications ***
BMC BMC 2023-11-30 - 16:37 UTC
INTRODUCTION
BMC BMC 2023-11-30 - 16:39 UTC
Welcome! This file is a sort of "programmed tutorial" for new users of HyperScope "MiniAug". By following these instructions, you will learn how to use many of Miniaug's basic features, beginning with simple Viewing and Editing. Don't worry if you make a mistake -- you can't hurt anything. If you do make a mistake trying a command, press the CONTROL key (for "command delete") and start over.
BMC BMC 2023-11-30 - 16:58 UTC
To see what's next, you can scroll down of course, or more fun type the letter "j" (for "Jump"), select the word "JUMPING" below with a SINGLE mouse-click or trackpad equivalent (or by pressing the RETURN or ENTER key on your keyboard). Then confirm your selection with a final OK using a single mouse-click or equivalent. Remember to cancel a command to start over, just press the CONTROL key and try again.
BMC BMC 2023-11-30 - 17:13 UTC
JUMPING
BMC BMC 2023-11-30 - 17:40 UTC
Congratulations! You have successfully issued your first MiniAug command! It is the Jump command (which is what the "j" stood for), for skipping around in a file.
BMC BMC 2023-11-30 - 17:42 UTC
When you give a Jump command as you just did, the statement that you select to will be jumped to the top of your window. (The concept of a "statement" will be described later.)
BMC BMC 2023-11-30 - 17:45 UTC
Let us jump again, but this time as you type the letter "j", watch the line above beginning with "BASE" . Notice that the word "Jump" is completely spelled out there as soon as you type the "j". That little window you are looking at is called the "command window" which lets you see the commands as you enter them.
BMC BMC 2023-11-30 - 17:49 UTC
Also note that the word "(to)" appears. This is called a "noise word" which makes the command more like an English sentence. After the "(to)", the characters "M/C:" appear. This is called a "prompt", letting you know what the system is expecting next. We call the action of selecting something on your screen "marking", and that is what the "M" stands for.
BMC BMC 2023-12-22 - 05:15 UTC
Go ahead and "mark" anywhere in "JUMPING BACK" in the heading below (by putting the cursor anywhere in it and clicking once to select) ending with a final click OK to see a new screenful.
BMC BMC 2023-11-30 - 18:50 UTC
JUMPING BACK TO THE BEGINNING
BMC BMC 2023-11-30 - 18:52 UTC
Jumping forward is easy, but how do you jump back? The very top of the file is called the "origin" (where you started from). The command to go back to the origin is just another Jump command, so you again begin by typing a "j".
BMC BMC 2023-12-01 - 20:52 UTC
Now when you see the "M/C:" prompt you must do something new. The prompt "M/C:" says that you may either mark (which you do not want to do), or give a command word (which is what the "C" stands for). Type the letter "o" (for "Origin") and note that "Origin" is spelled out in full in the command window. Give two OKs (a single mouse click or equivalent for each OK) to complete the command, and then come back here using the simple Jump command you used previously.
BMC BMC 2023-12-01 - 20:55 UTC
From now on, you will not be specifically told to jump to the next screenful. Whenever you feel the urge to scroll, just jump to the next screenful by using the simple "Jump (to) MARK OK" command. In theory, you can now view all of any file simply by repeatedly jumping to a statement that you mark. This is slow, however, and you will soon learn better ways of getting around in a file. You may have noticed a "V:" prompt before the final OK. We will learn about this later.
BMC BMC 2023-12-01 - 20:56 UTC
(One last reminder -- jump to "FIRST EDIT" below.)
BMC BMC 2023-12-01 - 20:58 UTC
FIRST EDIT
BMC BMC 2023-12-01 - 20:58 UTC
Let us now learn to make a few elementary editing changes to this file. Notice that this wword has an extra "w" in it.
BMC BMC 2023-12-01 - 21:03 UTC
Let us fix it up. You want to delete the extra character, and to do so you will begin by typing "d" followed by "c", standing for "Delete Character". As you type these two characters, be sure to watch the command window to make sure you have not made a mistake. Remember if you do make a mistake in any command, you can press the CONTROL key (for "command delete"). This will clear the entire command, and you can start over. The BACKSPACE or DELETE key will "back up" the last keystroke or mouse click you entered. Sometimes that is simpler than clearing the whole command.
BMC BMC 2023-12-01 - 21:08 UTC
Now back to the command. Notice that the noise word is "(at)" -- now you get to select the particular character to be deleted. The "M" prompt says you can "Mark" the character by aiming the cursor at either "w" in "wword" above with a single mouse click.
BMC BMC 2023-12-01 - 21:22 UTC
Notice that the character you marked is highlighted. The character has not been deleted yet; the highlighting simply shows it has been marked. If it is the wrong character, you can backspace and mark again. If it is correct, give a final OK to complete the action.
BMC BMC 2023-12-01 - 21:40 UTC
MORE ON DELETE
BMC BMC 2023-12-01 - 21:42 UTC
Tthere are a nnumber of typingg errors in this paragraph which can be fixed with the Delete Character command (by typing "d", "c", MARK, and OK). Do so now. Remember that you can backspace if you mistype or mark the wrong character. You may want to make some intennnntional errors to test this feature.
BMC BMC 2023-12-01 - 21:53 UTC
Now practice some more on the next sentence:
BMC BMC 2023-12-01 - 21:59 UTC
Heeree is a aaa sentence with a number of repppeated characters..
BMC BMC 2023-12-01 - 22:00 UTC
Note that the extra space and period are deleted the same way as letters of the alphabet.
BMC BMC 2023-12-01 - 22:00 UTC
DELETING OTHER OBJECTS
BMC BMC 2023-12-01 - 22:03 UTC
You can delete more things than just a character. The simplest is a word. The command to delete a word is given by typing "d" followed by "w" which fills out "Delete Word (at) M/A:" and is completed the same as the command to delete a character, by marking the word and then giving the final OK. You do not have to mark as accurately, however. You can mark ANY character in the word, and the whole word will be selected. (If you try to mark the space between two words, both the words surrounding the space are deleted. More on this later).
BMC BMC 2023-12-01 - 22:07 UTC
Try using the Delete command to get rid of the extra words and characters in the next sentence, watching the command window as you type.
BMC BMC 2023-12-01 - 22:08 UTC
Now now is the timme for all all good people to come to the aide of their country country country.
BMC BMC 2023-12-01 - 22:12 UTC
Good! Did you notice that the spacing was adjusted, and the extra space was taken out? Did you remember the trick to delete two words at a time when you were getting rid of the two extra occurrences of "country"?
BMC BMC 2023-12-02 - 15:21 UTC
In the next screenful, we will learn how to insert new text into a file.
BMC BMC 2023-12-02 - 15:21 UTC
INSERTING NEW INFORMATION
BMC BMC 2023-12-02 - 15:22 UTC
The same two objects -- characters and words -- can be inserted into text as well as deleted. The commands will be similar, except that they will begin with "ic" and "iw" for "Insert Character" and "Insert Word", respectively.
BMC BMC 2023-12-02 - 15:27 UTC
After you have typed "ic", the noise words "(to follow character at)" will appear on your screen, and you must mark the character after which you want the new character to appear. (In the case of Insert word, you merely need to mark somewhere in the word you want the new word to follow.) After you have indicated the destination of the new character or word, you must tell the system exactly what the new character or word is to be. Do this by typing it (the "M/T:" prompt tells you this -- "T" stands for "type"). In the case of a new word, you do not need to worry about spaces around the word; the system will take care of the spacing for you. To indicate that you are finished typing the new information, give the OK (using either the keyboard or the mouse), and the new text will be inserted into the file. Now, as an exercise, try to make the second sentence below appear exactly the same as the first one. You will need to use both Delete and Insert commands.
BMC BMC 2023-12-02 - 15:36 UTC
This is a model of the correct final form for this sentence.
BMC BMC 2023-12-02 - 15:37 UTC
TThis is a moel of the fina form forthis sennce.
BMC BMC 2023-12-02 - 15:38 UTC
A LITTLE ON COMMAND RECOGNITION
BMC BMC 2023-12-02 - 15:39 UTC
By now you have probably noticed a few patterns in the MiniAug commands. First, the commands introduced so far are indicated by typing the first character of the command word. The Delete command is given by typing "d", and "Character" is indicated by typing "c". There will be some exceptions to this rule later, but for now, it will always work.
BMC BMC 2023-12-02 - 15:45 UTC
Notice also that the verb, or actoin word, comes first. Jump, delete, and insert all tell the system what to do. The second word of a command, if there is one, is usually a noun; it names the object that the verb is to act upon. After 'd" for "delete", the next command word -- character or word -- tells the system exactly what is to be deleted. Almost all of the MiniAug commands will work that way. Later, when you get more experienced, you will find that you can often guess what the next command word will be, and instead of looking it up in a manual, you will just try it. No damage can result; if something unusual appears in the command window, you can always backspace or command delete. Nothing will be changed by a command until you give the final OK.
BMC BMC 2023-12-02 - 15:46 UTC
Now, before you go to the next screenful, try to guess what the commands might be to move a word or replace a character.
BMC BMC 2023-12-02 - 15:48 UTC
MORE EDITING COMMANDS
BMC BMC 2023-12-02 - 15:50 UTC
The answers are Move Word (typed "mw"), and Replace Character (typed "rc"). Move Character and Replace Word are also valid commands. The "Move" verb is used to take an object from one place and put it in another; the "Replace" verb gets rid of one object and replaces it with another. Try to do the following exercise with no more clues than that, and if you have trouble, look at the answers on the next screenful.
BMC BMC 2023-12-02 - 15:54 UTC
Pay attention to the noise words and prompts in the command window, which provide a good clue as to what is expected next. As before, try to make the second paragraph look identical to the first one. Also READ the sentence as you correct it.
BMC BMC 2023-12-02 - 15:56 UTC
CORRECT SENTENCE: On the next page, we will learn about another kind of noun -- Text. Text is any number of characters in a row, and must be identified by the first and last characters. It is useful for specifying larger pieces of text.
BMC BMC 2023-12-02 - 16:00 UTC
SENTENCE TO CORRECT: On net the page, we llearn about another kind of noun -- Text. Text,+ is any of characters in a row number, and must be identified by the first VIOLET and char*acters. It is useful for spanning larger chunks of text.
BMC BMC 2023-12-02 - 16:02 UTC
ANSWERS AND THE TEXT NOUN
BMC BMC 2023-12-02 - 16:05 UTC
You give the Move command (by typing "mc" or "mw") then marking the character or word to be moved, and marking the character or word it is to follow. The final OK completes the command. The Replace command is like a combination of Delete and Insert; the item you select disappears and is replaced by the new item, which you type in.
BMC BMC 2023-12-02 - 16:08 UTC
You should have read the sentence you were editing, because it was a quick introduction to the concept of Text. As it said, Text is another noun, and can be deleted, inserted, moved, or replaced with commands you begin by type typing "dt", "it", "mt", and "rt", respectively.
BMC BMC 2023-12-02 - 16:12 UTC
The difference between Text and Character or Word is that two marks are required to identify it -- one at the beginning and one at the end. Text can be any string of characters. It may, if you wish, begin or end in the middle of a word. Otherwise, the commands are the same; just mark twice where you would have marked once in the case of Character or Word. Another important point is that Text must be contained within a single statement, which has not yet been defined. Soon you will learn to tell where a statement begins and ends.
BMC BMC 2023-12-02 - 16:15 UTC
Now do the exercise on the next screenful, using the "Text" noun.
BMC BMC 2023-12-02 - 17:16 UTC
EDITING EXERCISE
BMC BMC 2023-12-02 - 17:17 UTC
As before, make the second paragraph look exactly like the first. (It will be easier to correct the paragraph if you first change INCORRECT to CORRECT -- everything will line up, and it will be easy to see if it is correct.) Try to use the "Text" noun whenever doing something with a long string of characters.
BMC BMC 2023-12-02 - 17:20 UTC
CORRECT: In a certain village in La Mancha, which I do not wish to name, there lived not long ago a gentleman--one of those who have always a lance in a rack, an ancient shield, a lean hack and a greyhound for coursing. His habitual diet consisted of a stew, more beef than mutton, of hash most nights, boilded bones on Saturdays, lentils on Fridays, and a young pigeon as a Sunday treat; and on this he spent three-quarters of his income.
BMC BMC 2023-12-02 - 17:22 UTC
INCORRECT: In a certain vilage in La a little extra textMancha, which I do not wish to name, lived not long , long/ ago a ge of those who have always a eight ball in a rack, an ancient shield, a lean hack and a greyhound for coursing. His habl diet consisted of a stew, more beef than mutton, of hash most blights, boildeeed bones bones bones on Saturdays, lentils on Fridays, and a young stool pigeon as a Snday treat; and on this he spent three-quarters of his income.
BMC BMC 2023-12-02 - 17:40 UTC
Now that you have completed the exercise, you will learn the definition of a statement.
BMC BMC 2023-12-02 - 17:40 UTC
STATEMENTS
BMC BMC 2023-12-11 - 15:34 UTC
"Statement" is just another kind of noun, which can be inserted, deleted, moved, and so on. Probably the best way to think of a statement is as a paragraph. All of the paragraphs you have read so far were individual statements, and the headings at the top of each section are also short statements. It is sometimes hard to tell where one paragraph ends and the next one begins. In MiniAug, there is a way to change your view of a file (but not alter the file at all). What you do is change the "viewspecs".
BMC BMC 2023-12-06 - 18:49 UTC
Another complication is introduced in this section: The command to change the viewspecs will be Set Viewspecs, but you will find that if you type "s", the command window will show "Sort", which is not what you want to do. Since there is more than one command that begins with "s", and since it will turn out that Sort will be far more useful than Set, MiniAug handles the problem by having you type a leading space, followed by as many characters as necessary for the command word to get filled out . (In what follows, stands for a space, which you get when you press the space bar.)
BMC BMC 2023-12-06 - 18:52 UTC
To give the command word "Set", you will need to type "se". You need the "e" because there are even more possibilities for S commands, like Show (for which you would type "sh").
BMC BMC 2023-12-02 - 17:40 UTC
CHANGING VIEWSPECS
BMC BMC 2023-12-06 - 18:54 UTC
OK. Let's change the viewspecs. Give the command verb "Set" by typing and "se", and the noun "Viewspecs" by typing "v". After you type these four characters, MiniAug will respond with a "V:" prompt, asking for viewspecs. Type the letter "z", followed by . Do this now.
CE CE 2023-12-31 - 19:30 UTC
What just happened? Setting viewspec z caused more content to fit on your screen by hiding blank lines between statements.
CE CE 2023-12-31 - 19:36 UTC
Let us now turn on the blank lines, again using the Set Viewspecs command. This time the viewspec you will set will be "y". If you do this now, you will find that the blank lines will reappear.
BMC BMC 2023-12-06 - 18:57 UTC
Isn't that nice? It is now easy to see where one statement ends and the next one begins. MiniAug is spacing them nicely with a blank line between each statement. It's great to have a choice: without blank lines, you can fit more text on the screen, and with blank lines, your view is more spacious and you can easily see where a statement begins and ends.
BMC BMC 2023-12-06 - 19:04 UTC
Also notice when you change viewspecs, the same statement remains at the top of the screen.
BMC BMC 2023-12-06 - 19:05 UTC
Now that you can more easily see what statements are, you are ready to Delete, Insert, Move, and Replace them! Selecting a Statement, as with Word, you can be a little sloppy -- a single mark anywhere within a statement selects a whole statement. (Talk about the broad side of a barn!)
BMC BMC 2023-12-06 - 19:07 UTC
REVIEW EXERCISE
BMC BMC 2023-12-06 - 19:08 UTC
If you are not seeing blank lines between statements, start with the Set viewspecs command (remembering the leading and "se"), to turn on blank lines with viewspec "y". Then follow the directions in the statements below to practice working with whole statements.
BMC BMC 2023-12-06 - 19:08 UTC
Delete this statement entirely.
BMC BMC 2023-12-06 - 19:09 UTC
Insert a new statement immediately following this with the text "This is a new statement".
BMC BMC 2023-12-06 - 19:10 UTC
Move this statement so that it follows "REVIEW EXERCISE" above.
BMC BMC 2023-12-06 - 19:11 UTC
Replace this statement with a much shorter statement "This is a shorter statement". Don't do it by deleting the text!
BMC BMC 2023-12-06 - 19:13 UTC
Read this, then delete this. You have now learned most of the basic editing commands. Experiment with them. If you like, you can go back through this file, and modify (or mangle) it any way you want. Have fun! Try inserting your own paragraph, editing it, and deleteing it -- just take the time to look at one more screenful first.
BMC BMC 2023-12-06 - 19:07 UTC
TO USE THIS FILE AGAIN
BMC BMC 2023-12-06 - 19:18 UTC
Actually, none of the edits you have made so far are permanent. If you wish to go back to the way the file was before you started, you can delete all your modifications with the single command: Delete Modifications (typed "dm"). Since this is usually a drastic step, you will be required to give two OKs to confirm it. Remember this command. Write it down on a piece of paper, and then go have fun with the file. When you are done, you can Delete Modifications, and you will have your original TUTOR file back. Later you will learn to make your modifications a permanent part of the file, along with a number of other things. You've done quite a bit already. Remember, to get back to the beginning of this file, the command is Jump Origina, followed by two OKs. Have fun, and when you are done, you can continue in the file named TUTOR2. You can get there now by using another kind of Jump command, which will be discussed later. For now just type "jl" (you should see "Jump (to) Link" in the command indow), and then type "tutur2," (be sure to include the final comma), and then type OK.
BMC BMC 2023-12-06 - 19:20 UTC
HOW TO ENTER AND LEAVE MINIAUG
BMC BMC 2023-12-06 - 19:22 UTC
Instead of typing "tutor", next time type "miniaug" at the Executive Terminal "@" sign, followed by . This will put you in the MiniAug editor, viewing a file called your "initial file", where all your sessions with MiniAug will begin. To get to TUTOR2, simply type "jl" for "Jump Link" and then "tutor2," (remembering the final comma), and you will be there. Write this down, so you will remember it tomorrow next time .
BMC BMC 2023-12-06 - 19:24 UTC
If you want to log out, type "log" for "Logout" and . If you want to cancel out and reset MiniAug, pull down the "Java" menu at the top of your screen, and select "Quit", then close your Terminal window.
BMC BMC 2023-12-01 - 21:56 UTC
CE CE 2023-12-31 - 19:26 UTC
CE CE 2023-12-31 - 19:26 UTC
CE CE 2023-12-31 - 19:25 UTC